OpenStreetMap publishes maps of all Earth regions, including the whole planet.

To use this data as a visual map, you need to render the raw data - which is available in XML and PBF (you want pbf) - into either vector or raster tiles. There are a variety of tools that do that; the easiest is probably planetiler.

When you render, you need to pick an appropriate zoom level.

On my enthusiast desktop, planetiler took around 2 hours to generate vector pmtiles of the planet with all zoom levels. The resulting file was 69gb.

After that, you can serve the tiles using a tile server. Connect an appropriate client to view. Some tile servers like tileserver-gl serve a web-based viewer so you don't need a client.